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Cell Biology Exam #2-Spring 2001 |
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Name____________________ Lab section_________________ Multiple choice. Choose the best answer (2 points each). 1._D OR A____Which of the following factors would increase the fluidity of
a cell membrane: a) lower the amount of cholesterol in the membrane; b)
increasing the amount of saturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids; c)
lowering the temperature; d) none of the above. 2.___C__Cells poisoned so that their ATP manufacturing system cannot work
are unable to maintain a proper sodium-potassium balance. Which of the
following methods must be involved in maintaining sodium-potassium balance 3.___C__If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic environment: a)
the turgor pressure of the cell will increase; b) the cell will swell but
won't burst due to the presence of the cell wall; c) the environment will
have a greater solute concentration than is present inside the cell; d) the
net 4.__D___Which of the following is not true about cell membranes: a)
lipids move laterally within the bilayer at speeds of up to 2 um/sec; b)
carrier molecules are usually transmembrane proteins; c) glycoproteins are
commonly 5.__C___What are the membrane structures that function in active
transport? 6.__D___Of the following functions, the glycoproteins and glycolipids of
animal cell membranes are most important for: a)maintaining membrane
fluidity at low temperatures. b)facilitated diffusion of molecules down
their concentration gradients. c)maintaining the integrity of a
fluid-mosaic membrane. d)the ability of cells to recognize like and
different cells e)active transport of molecules against their
concentration gradients. 7.___E__ An organism with a cell wall would have the most difficulty doing
which process? 8.___D__One of the functions of cholesterol in animal cell membranes is to
9)___E__Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers.
The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities
of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm.
Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably
functioning in the intestinal cells? a)simple diffusion b)active
transport pumps c)exocytosis 10.___E__Two similar-sized animal cells are placed in a 0.5% sucrose
solution. Cell A enlarges in size for a while, then stops; cell B continues
to enlarge and finally ruptures. Which of the following was true at the
beginning of the experiment? 11.__C___You have a friend with high blood cholesterol levels and the
cause is diagnosed as familial hypercholesterolemia. Of the following, the best
explanation for this inherited condition is: a)a poorly formed lipid
bilayer that cannot incorporate cholesterol in the membranes of her
cells. b)a general lack of glycolipids in the blood cell
membranes. c)defective LDL receptors on plasma membranes of her
cells. d)inhibition of the cholesterol active transport system in red
blood cells. e)poor attachment of the cholesterol to the extracellular matrix
of her cells. 12.___A__Which of the following statements about NAD is FALSE? 13.__B___Which metabolic process is most closely associated with
intracellular membranes? a)the Krebs cycle b)oxidative
phosphorylation c)glycolysis d)substrate-level phosphorylation
e)ethanolic fermentation 14.___D__ Which statement below is TRUE? a)Pyruvate is in a more
reduced state than glucose. b)There is more energy in pyruvate than in
lactate. c)Pyruvate is in a more oxidized state than carbon
dioxide. d)There is less energy in two molecules of pyruvate than in one
molecule of glucose. e)There is more energy in 6 molecules of carbon dioxide
than in 2 molecules of pyruvate. 15.__E___ Which type of enzyme in cellular respiration is primarily
responsible for removing electrons from organic molecules? a)
phosphofructokinase b)deaminase c)decarboxylase d)ATPase
e)dehydrogenase 16.___B__The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during
respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is a)oxidation of glucose to CO2
and water. b)the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the
inner mitochondrial membrane. c)the final transfer of electrons to oxygen.
d)the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the
mitochondrial electron transport carriers. e)thermodynamically favorable
transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediate molecules
of ADP. 17.__C___The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the
following? 18.___C__The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecules that
then transfer energy to the electron transport system? a)ATP and CO2 b) NADH,
FADH2, and ATP c) FADH2 and NADH d)CO2 and FAD e) NADH and
ATP 20.___A__You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a diet. Where did
the fat go (how was it lost)? a)It was released as CO2 and H2O. b)It
was converted to urine and eliminated from the body. c)Chemical energy was
converted to heat and then released. d)It was broken down to amino acids and
eliminated from the body. 21.___A__Which of the following reactions contains a step which requires
an input of ATP before it can take place? a) glycolysis; b) TCA cycle;
c) electron transport system; d) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A. 22.___D__The greatest percentage of the total amount of ATP produced by
the aerobic respiration of 1 glucose molecule is produced by this system: 23.___D__Which of the following is not true about the mitochondrial
electron transport system? a) hydrogen carriers alternate with electron
carriers;b) electrons are passed to oxygen to help reduce it into water; c)
FADH2 is oxidized into FAD; d) 4 protons are added to the proton pool for
every 24.___C__Without the vitamin niacin (B-12) in your diet, your body will
lack the ability to manufacture this compound, which must be present in order
for cell respiration to occur: a) ADP; b) pyruvate; c) NAD; d)
cytochromes; e) enzymes. 25. (6 points) What happens as the result of the sodium/potassium
pump? Describe two specific instances of conformational changes that
occur in the sodium/potassium ATPase protein. Describe what stimulates
the specific conformational change and the result of that conformational
change. The pump results in the movement of 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into
the cell. This contributes to the negative membrane potential of the
cell membrane. Pick any two of these for the conformational changes asked for 1) Na+ binds tot he ATPase. This activates the ATPase and results in
ATP hydrolysis. 2) The Atpase becomes phosphorylated. This opens the channel protein
to the environmental side. It also changes the binding sites for Na+ so
Na+ ions can no longer bind (thus releasing them to the outside). It also
changes the shape of the K+ binding sites so that K+ can now bind. 3) K= binds to the sites on the ATPase. This causes
dephosphorylation of the ATPase. 4. Dephosphorylation of ATPase. This opens the channel protein to the
cytoplasmic side. It also changes the binding sites for K+ so K+
ions can no longer bind (thus releasing them to the inside). It also changes
the shape of the Na+ binding sites so that Na+ can now bind. The diagram and explanations should show the following elements: Phospholipid bilayer, lipids and proteins able to move laterally within
the bilayer, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol,
gylcoproteins, the membrane being bifacial (different on the outer and inner
surfaces). The Singer-Nicholson model places ampipathic proteins in their most stable
arrangements. The hydrophobic portions are inside the nonpolar
part of the membrane and the polar portions are on the surface of the
membrane. The Davson-Danielli model places ampipathic proteins on the
surface of the membrane. The hydrophobic portions would be exposed to
water in this arrangement. This is not stable. 27. (3 points each) Agree or disagree with the following statements.
In either case, fully defend your answer. A. The presence of proteins in the cell’s membranes is strictly related
the membrane’s structural role of holding the contents of the cell in place. Disagree-Cell membrane proteins play a number of important functional
roles in addition to their structural roles. These include enzymatic
activity, cell-cell recognition, transport, cell adhesion, and
receptors B. A genetic defect that resulted in a drastically decreased ability of a
cell to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids would likely have more effect on
an organism that lived in an arctic environment than an organism that lived
in a tropical environment. Agree-Colder temperatures make the membrane less fluid. Unsaturated
phospholipids help maintain fluidity because their hydrocarbon chains do not
pack closely together because of the kinks in the chain produced by the
double bonds. Thus, a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids would
be more of a problem to a cell that was at a colder temperature. C. An inhibitor that completely inhibited the function of decarboxylase
enzymes would completely stop the ability of human cells to produce ATP from
glucose. Decarboxylase enzymes remove C02 from molecules. Glycolysis has no
decarboxylase enzymes yet still produces 2 ATP by substrate level
phosphorylation. Thus human cells could ferment and still produce ATP
even in the presence of inhibitors of decarboxylase enzymes. D. If the mitochondrial inner membrane became permeable to H+, the
electron trasnport system would stop. The ETS casues the H= gradient to develop and is not a result or dependent
on the H+ gradient. If the membrane became permeable to H+, the
gradient would dissipate and no ATP would be made. However, the cell
would keep the ETS running to recycle coenzymes. The ETS would not be
affects, only the H+ gradient. 28. (8 points) Using diagrams and accompanying explanations, describe how
the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport system results in
the formation of significant amounts of ATP. What role does oxygen play
in this process? Your diagram and accompanying explanations should include the following: There are two types of ETS carriers (electron only and hydrogen only)in
the inner membrane, the two types of carriers are assymetrically distributed
within the mitochondrial inner membrane, passage of electrons through the ETS
causes a high H+ to accumulate in the intermembrane space, passage of
electrons through the ETS causes a low H+ to accumulate in the matrix, the
dissociation of water provides H+ ions which are needed to help reduce
hydrogen only carriers, the inner membrane is impermeable to H+, there is a
channel protein (ATPase) inside the inner membrane that allows H+ to flow
into the matrix, as two H+ flow through the ATPase, one ATP is made. The enzymes of glycolysis and TCA cycle that are dehydrogenases require
oxidized coenzymes (including NAD) to accept the electrons that are removed
from the oxidation of glucose. If the coenzyme is not in the proper state
(oxidized) then the enzyme will not work and the reactions will halt.
Thus the cell needs a recycling mechanism to recycle NADH2 back to NAD.
In the presence of oxygen, NADH@ donates its electrons to the ETS and they
are eventually passed to oxygen to make water. In the absence of
oxygen, the cell can recycle NADH2 by donating its electrons to pyruvate to
make ethanol or lactic acid (fermentation). Substrate level phosphorylation uses organic phosphate to phosphorylate
ADP to make ATP, requires no membranes, and makes significant amounts of
ATP(32/glucose). Oxidative phosphorylation uses inorganic phosphate to
make ATP, requires no membranes and makes a small amount of ATP )4 net per
glucose) Bonus questions. The lowest score you can get on this bonus section
is 0. Bonus points will be awarded by giving one point for each correct
answer and subtracting one point for each incorrect answer (there is a bonus
penalty for guessing on these questions). 1)__A____Plasmodesmata in plant cells are MOST similar in function to
which of the following structures in animal cells? a)gap junctions b)
glycocalyx c) tight junctions d)desmosomes e) peroxisomes 2)___D__Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to
the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through a) desmosomes. b)plasmodesmata.
c)tight junctions. d) gap junctions. e) intermediate filaments. 3)__C___Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of
microtubules? 4)___E__Which of the following is NOT a known function of the
cytoskeleton? 5)___C__A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would
most likely be deficient in it’s: a)microtubules. b)nuclear DNA.
c)extracellular matrix. d)cytoskeleton. 6)__B___Cilia and flagella move: a)when the central pair of
microtubules produces ATP. b)when the bending of microtubules is powered by
ATP. c)when contraction of basal body triplets is powered by ATP. d)in
opposite directions on the plasma membrane. |